Q: What is homocysteine? My father has a high homocysteine level and his doctor has asked him to modify his diet. Can you help me?

AS, Jamshedpur

Homocysteine is a substance which is naturally produced in our body during the breakdown of protein. It is obtained from the amino acid methionine, found in our diet, specially in milk, meat and eggs. High levels of homocysteine can cause damage to the linings of our arteries, thereby triggering atherosclerosis and accelerating the formation of blood clots (thrombus). Research has shown that people with high homocysteine levels are more prone to heart attacks and strokes. Although some scientists disagree over this and there is no conclusive evidence on this, it is safer to keep our homocysteine levels low. Vitamins of the B-family, such as folic acid convert homocysteine into other amino acids required by our bodies. When our dietary intake of the B-vitamins, specially folates, are low, blood levels of homocysteine rise, as it does with inactivity and smoking. Consumption of foods rich in folic acid, like green leafy vegetables, legumes and whole grains can help to bring down high levels of homocysteine. Your father should also modify his lifestyle by being active and should abstain from smoking.

Q: Is margarine recommended for heart patients and those who wish to avoid butter?

SM, Haldia

For heart patients, the answer is no! For all those who think that the alternative to butter is margarine, it is important to know that they are not being very kind to themselves. Margarine has a considerable proportion of substances called trans-fatty acids which are obtained by partial hydrogenation of saturated fats. These not only increase the “bad” LDL cholesterol, but also decrease the “good” cholesterol or HDL cholesterol. It is advisable to avoid all foods high in trans-fats like fast foods, baked products, shortenings, dressings and heavily processed items especially for heart patients. Others must remember that lower their intake of such products, the better it is for their health.