A Nasa image of Pluto, with Charon to the right, as viewed from one of its moons

Prague, Aug. 24 (AP): It’s smaller than Earth’s moon, has a funky way of orbiting the Sun, and lurks so far out on the fringes of the solar system even the powerful Hubble Space Telescope has to squint to see it.

Pluto is no stranger to controversy. In fact, it’s been dogged by disputes ever since its discovery in 1930.

Many astronomers contend the ninth rock from the Sun — officially downgraded to “dwarf planet” status on Thursday by the International Astronomical Union — never deserved to be a full planet in the first place.

“They are just saying officially what we had been hinting to children anyway: that Pluto is very different from other planets,” said Cedric Courson, programme director in Paris for Planete Sciences, an association that promotes science at schools and among the public with support from the French education ministry.

Discovered by Clyde Tombaugh of Arizona’s Lowell Observatory, Pluto was classified as a planet because scientists initially believed it was the same size as Earth. It remained one because for years, it was the only known object in the Kuiper Belt, an enigmatic zone beyond Neptune that’s teeming with comets and other planetary objects.

Pluto got an ego boost in 1978 when it was found to have a moon that was later named Charon. The Hubble turned up two more, which this past June were christened Nix and Hydra.

But in the 1990s, more powerful telescopes revealed numerous bodies similar to Pluto in the neighbourhood.

Recent observations also showed that Pluto’s orbit was oblong, sending it soaring well above and beyond the main plane of the solar system where Earth and the other seven planets circle the Sun.

That prompted some galactic grumbling from astronomers who began openly attacking Pluto’s planethood.

At one point, things looked so bad for Pluto, the international union said publicly in 1999 that rumours of Pluto’s imminent demise were greatly exaggerated and there were no plans to kick it out of the cosmic club.

A year later, the Hayden Planetarium at New York’s American Museum of Natural History was accused of snubbing Pluto by excluding it from a solar system exhibition.

Pluto took another hit after Michael Brown of the California Institute of Technology discovered 2003 UB313, a slightly larger Kuiper Belt object. What’s the point, some astronomers wondered, in keeping Pluto as a planet?

“The public is not going to like the fact that Pluto has just been kicked out,” Brown said Thursday. “But it’s the right thing to do scientifically.”

Ironically, Pluto’s future had brightened earlier this year, when Nasa sent the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto to get a closer look at the ball of rock and ice. The Hubble has managed to glimpse only its most prominent surface features; New Horizons, if all goes well, will arrive in 2015.

As recently as last week, the International Astronomical Union — the official arbiter of heavenly bodies — appeared ready to reaffirm Pluto’s planet status.

Richard Binzel, member of the International Astronomical Union, votes during the closing session of the IAU’s 26th General Assembly in Prague on Thursday. (Reuters)

Richard Binzel, a professor of planetary science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the international union’s planet definition committee, had contended that Pluto met key tests of planetary physics “by a long shot” and had earned its status.

Before Thursday’s vote, a weary-looking Binzel was asked whether he’ll mourn Pluto.

“I don’t know. Ask me later,” he said, and walked away.

Scientific spirit

The astronomer who found Pluto would have understood why his discovery was demoted to non-planet status because he was a good scientist, his widow said on Thursday.

“Clyde said, ‘Well, it’s there. You can do what you want with it,’” Patricia Tombaugh, 94, said from her home in Las Cruces, New Mexico.